Color Meter / Colour Meter

Color meter works according to the tristimulus absorption and imitates human vision. In the human eye the three basic colors red, green and blue are recorded over three different cone types, color meter imitates this color perception by means of 3 color sensors with almost identical spectral sensitivity in the areas of red, green and blue. The color values determined in this way are represented as X, Y and Z values on the display by the measuring devices, the conversion into common color spaces such as CIELab or RGB is carried out by most devices automatically.

Though spectrometer works according to the identical basic principle, the significant difference to color meter is sensitivity and the number of sensors. Depending on the quality of the device, spectrometers are equipped with significantly more sensors so that the devices have a wavelength-specific sensitivity in a single-digit nanometer range. Thus, not only color coordinates can be determined, but also the spectral distribution and intensity can be determined and represented much more precisely. Spectrometer can also detect metamerism. In case of this phenomenon, for example, two different objects under a certain light source appear to be of the same color, but under a different light source a distinct color difference is visible and evident. The reason for this is that usually different spectral reflection properties of the surfaces are caused by the use of different pigments.

For this reason, spectrometers are preferably used in research and development as well as in cases when colors and color spectra have to be determined very precisely. For the use in the production process, the goods receipt and output control, as well as in quality control, the color comparison measurements with the simple representation of color differences and deltaE values by means of color meters are generally sufficient.

The measurement geometry describes the alignment between the emitting light source of the measuring device and the surface of the object to be measured as well as the alignment of the sensor to the reflecting surface of the object to be measured. The choice of the correct or incorrect measurement geometry can have a considerable effect on the measurement results and lead to interpretational errors during the information exchange between customers and / or suppliers. Since the measurement geometry cannot be changed or adjusted afterwards, clarity should be provided before the purchase. Known geometries are d / 8 and 45/0.

The d / 8 measurement geometry produces diffuse light, thereby the effect of the surface texture in terms of gloss and roughness is reduced. With this geometry, one can, so to say, look inside the color. Partially, measuring instruments with this geometry also have optical shines (SCI) (SCI) in order to allow the gloss effect influence the measurement or not. In contrast, the 45 / 0 measurement geometry produces a directed reflection which corresponds more to human perception. Therefore, it makes sense to use the 45 / 0 geometry, when the visual impression an object has on humans should be adjusted.

When selecting the accuracy requirements, attention should be paid to the reproducibility of the measurement results as well as the comparability of different measuring instruments of one series. Particularly in case of spectrometers, a spectral resolution of the measuring devices must also be taken into account.

An important point, which must be clarified before the purchase of a color measuring device, refers to the present reference values. Does it go about company's internal measurements, during which the process reliability and quality are to be checked based on specially defined color values? Or should the external requirements of customers or suppliers be taken into account? If external requirements are decisive, a preliminary clarification between the parties, concerning which measuring instruments are to be used, is required. It is particularly important to achieve an agreement about measurement parameters (color space, measurement geometry, measuring aperture, light type, SCI, SCE, Spin, Spex); otherwise the comparability of the measurement values is not possible. Ideally, both parties use identical measuring devices from one manufacturer.

Many comparative measurements take the color values from standard color systems or color catalogs into account. Known color catalogs are e.g. RAL, NCS, DIN or Pantone. Based on these catalogs, visual inspections can be carried out during the production process and quality control. The visual comparison of color cards with printing inks, coloring or colored coatings is, however, faulty, since it is often impossible to check it objectively under the same conditions. Reproducibility and objectivity can be provided by the color meter, since under defined conditions digitally stored color catalogs can be matched with the customer color patterns.

In addition to color cards, often also color spaces like the CIELab or RGB color space are used to determine colors. The color spaces are geometrically defined, three-dimensional bodies, in which each color is characterized by 3 coordinates in the X, Y and Z directions. By specifying the spatial coordinates of the corresponding color space, the colors can be exactly determined and the color spacing can be precisely estimated. Since color spaces, in contrast to color catalogs, can represent all perceptible colors and are used not only in a few industries and, therefore, are universally applicable, the use of color spaces is often more comparable and independent.

The use of different light types can change the perception of color impressions. The CIE has therefore established standard illuminants with a defined spectral emission in order to create comparability. The choice of the applied type of light had to be oriented to the later application of the product. The widely spread standard light type is D65. D65 simulates the daylight with UV components at a color temperature of about 6500 Kelvin. The standard light type C also stands for daylight, but without UV components at a color temperature of about 6770 Kelvin. The light type F11 or TL84 is also referred to as department store light at 4000 Kelvin and is suitable when the products are kept under artificial light. In addition to these light types, there are many others from narrow- to broadband standard light types.

Depending on the application, a suitable design is also to be selected in the sense of ergonomics. In some devices, the display is placed on the top, while in the other color meters the data is read from the front side and the sensor system is internally installed in a housing. Besides, there are also measuring instruments with external sensors. In addition, some measuring instruments have built-in cameras to assist in the positioning of the measuring device on the object to be measured. Particularly for small objects and small apertures, this function helps to choose the correct positioning of the device, and thus, “hit” the measuring point.

Can smooth, flat and solid surfaces be measured? Does it go about liquids or should the color of fine powders be determined? Are they coarse granules or viscous pastes? There are solutions for all applications. If the surfaces are not smooth, hardened, then mostly special devices with partially transparent cuvettes are required. In these cuvettes, the materials of different consistencies can be measured and tested.

The different colors of the color space become classified by a color space system. A color space system is a coordinate system in which each color is sorted by coordinates on different axes. Caused by the structure of the human eye, the color space works with three axes. There are about thirty color space systems.

One of the main used is CieLab. The CIE Lab system is a color space, which was established by the International Commission on Illumination CIE in the year 1976. It was developed from the CIE color system and is based on the presented CIE standard colorimetric system in 1931. Color differences are to be determined numerically using the device-independent color 3D model. The model is objective and is the closest to human eyes.

The measured spectral curves are reduced to three coordinates. The coordinate axes are perpendicular to each other:

L * the brightness (from 0 = pure black to 100 = pure white)
a * represents the red - green axis (negative values ​​are green, the positives are red)
b * represents the yellow - blue axis (egative values ​​are blue, the positives are yellow)

A major problem in the development of color meters is to deliver measurememnt results that are felt in the same way as the color impressions given by the human eye. The problem of the color space is the disagreement with the color perception of humans. For ink mixtures, there especially is perception problem in the yellow area. On the other hand the human eye can be cheated in color-mixing by adding a higher proportion of a blue. The mixture shows up more white / bright. It is the phaenomena of optical whitening. To eliminate this problem often color meters are used. For example, in the production of semi-finished products.

Comparison problem: Semi-finished products are measured with color meter A and sent out to a processor company which produces the end product. In the processors company the incoming products are measured by color meter B. The result is different to the data measured with the meter A. That means the color meters used in the production chain should be from the same type, adjusted and calibrated in the same laboratory to reach nearly the same measurement results. So complaints can be avoided in the most of the cases. It is not an ideal solution, but both parties can talk about precisely defined differences in chromaticity, because they have set the color space before and use in the same color meters.

About the CIE L*C*h Color Scale
The CIE L*C*h or CIELCh color scale is an approximately uniform scale with a polar color space. The CIELCh scale values are calculated from the CIELAB scale values. The L* value (lightness) is the same in each scale. The C* value (chroma) and the h value (hue angle) are calculated from the a* and b* values of the CIELAB scale. At right is a diagram of the CIELCh color space.